![]() ![]() Moreover, this study presents new information about their genetic characteristics which are poorly known. This can help expand the knowledge about these viruses, and help understand the co-infection of them to honey bees. ![]() However, few studies have been conducted on honey bee viruses using bioinformatics to find out genetic similarities between them, and previous studies have mainly concentrated on the phylogenetic relationships.22,23 Therefore, this study has aimed to highlight the genetic similarities between some common honey bee viruses, using various programs and methods. In fact, the genome sequences of many bee viruses are available and can be analyzed using the available bioinformatics programs. The recent development in bioinformatics provides new trends in analyzing genetic data. The bee viruses can be transmitted horizontally and vertically,10 and also can be transmitted from bee species to another and from wild bees to domesticated ones.11-15 Thus, these viruses are multi-host pathogens, including DWV and BQCV.8 Also, similarities have been detected between some bee viruses and viruses infecting other insects, including acute bee paralysis virus.16 Moreover, the ecto-parasites, Varroa mites can greatly cause the prevalence of some viruses between bee colonies.17-21 Therefore, the spread of these viruses can happen via various means, and can cause severe damages to the colonies. mellifera and can be infected by many viral diseases. Such diseases can greatly impact beekeeping negatively causing huge losses, and contribute in the colony collapse disorder, a phenomenon of sudden bee disappearance.5,6 The viral diseases of honey bees can impact both immature and mature stages, for example, sacbrood virus (SBV), black queen cell virus (BQCV) for immature stages,7,8 paralysis viruses and deformed wing virus (DWV) for mature stages.9 There are about 24 or more subspecies of A. Introduction Large numbers of honey bees, Apis mellifera, colonies are being kept worldwide to provide pollination services to plants, and to boost livelihood means at rural areas.1-4 Hence, honey bees are the main target to many viral and non-viral diseases. The method presented in this study is likely to be very important tool to specify the maternal source of breeding stocks during genetic improvement programs of honey bees. hybrid bees of Egypt), to specify the identical parts of the sequence, and to design specific primers to separate subspecies than their hybrids. Also, this method can be used to identify the maternal source of hybrid bees including those exposed to a long period of hybridization (e.g. The trend of data analysis used in this study showed high ability to detect the similarities between the two subspecies and their hybrid. Additionally, specific primers to separate the two subspecies than their hybrid were designed based on the results of similarity percentages and tested using SnapGene. Results of the shared gene cluster analysis and similarity percentages based on 13 genes confirmed the similarity trend between the two subspecies and their hybrid. scutellata, suggesting that the maternal source of the hybrid bees belonged to A. The mtDNA sequence of the hybrid bees was more similar to A. The method was tested to identify the maternal source of hybrid bees from two honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera scutellata and Apis mellifera capensis based on similarity percentages in mtDNA sequences. The method (Similarity percentages of nucleotides) depends on using specific numerical system to nucleotides. This study aimed to develop a new method to identify the maternal source of hybrid bees and to compare between sequences. Hybridization between honey bee subspecies is common and hybrid bees can completely or partial replace the endemic bee subspecies as happened in some countries including Egypt. ![]()
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